Toads
Frogs with leathery and warty skin, crests in the under eye-zone, and small legs are considered toads. The common factor being they all belongs to the Bufonidae family. The external glands known as parotoid glands are typically covered by the skin bumps that toads exhibit. These amphibians are common in every continent, except Antarctica. Some toads have poison glands as part of their defense mechanism.
Adenomus or Dwarf Toad |
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Kandyan dwarf toad | Kelaart’s toad | |
Altiphrynoide or Ethiopian Toad |
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Malcolm’s Ethiopian Toads | Osgood’s Ethiopian Toad | |
Amazophrynella |
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Amazophrynella amazonicola | Amazophrynella bilinguis | Amazophrynella bokermanni |
Amazophrynella javierbustamantei | Amazophrynella manaos | Amazophrynella matses |
Amazophrynella minuta | Amazophrynella vote | |
Amietophrynus |
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Blanford’s/ Ethiopian Toad | Asmara toad | Dead-leaf/ Braun’s toad |
Buchner’s Toad | Oban/ Cameroon Toad | Bata Marsh Toad |
Tingi Hills Toad | Ivory Coast Toad | Amietophrynus djohongensis |
Sooty/ Shaba Province Toad | Somber/ Angola Toad | Olive/ Eastern Olive/ Northern Mottled/ Garman’s Toad |
French Congo Toad | Square-Marked/ Guttural/ Lobatsi/ African Common Toad | Damietta/ Nile Delta Toad |
Kerinyaga/ Keith’s Toad | Kisolo/ Montane Golden Toad | Lake Langano Toad |
High Tropical Forest Toad | Yellow Swamp/ Pweto Toad/ Lemaire’s Toad | Striped/ Flat-backed/ Hallowell’s Toad |
Moorish/ Pantherine/ Moroccan/ Mauritanian/ Berber Toad | Western leopard/ Panther/ Southern Panther Toad | Snoring/ August/ Eastern Leopard/ Gleniffer Toad |
Perret’s Toad | Power’s/ Kimberley Toad | Raucous/ Ranger’s/ Kei Road Toad |
Merera Toad | African/ Square-marked/ African Bouncing/ Reuss’s/ Egyptian/ African Common Toad | Steindachner’s Toad |
African giant toad/ Cameroon toad/ Congo toad/ Zaire toad Subspecies – A. s. chevalieri, A. s. superciliaris | ||
Amietophrynus taiensis | Togo Toad | Fernando Po toad |
Lake Turkana Toad | Urungu Toad | Villier’s Toad |
Lake Victoria/ Banded/ Degen’s Toad | Savannah/ Waza/ Subsaharan/ Subdesert Toad | |
Anaxyrus |
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American toad Subspecies: Eastern American Toad, Dwarf American Toad, Hudson Bay Toad | ||
Wyoming Toad | ||
Western Toad Subspecies: Boreal Toad, California Toad | ||
Arroyo Toad | Yosemite Toad | Great Plains Toad |
Texas/ Plateau Toad | Black Toad | |
North American Green Toad Subspecies: Eastern Green Toad, Western Green Toad | ||
Fowler’s Toad | Canadian Toad | Houston Toad |
Little Mexican Toad | Southwestern Toad | Arizona Toad |
Amargosa Toad | Baird’s/ Red spotted Toad | Oak Toad |
Sonoran Green Toad | Texas Toad | Southern Toad |
Dixie Valley Toad | ||
Woodhouse’s Toad Subspecies: Southwestern Woodhouse’s Toad,Rocky Mountain Toad, East Texas Toad | ||
Ansonia or Stream Toads |
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Whitebelly stream toad | Spiny slender toad | Endau stream toad |
North Borneo Stream/ Slender toad | Ansonia glandulosa | Mesilau/ Mesilau Stream Toad |
Kadamaian stream toad | Inthanon stream toad | Ansonia jeetsukumarani |
Kra stream toad | Sambas stream/ bornean rainbow toad | Ansonia latiffi |
Ansonia latirostra | Matang Stream/ Cricket-voiced/ Brown Slender Toad | Long-fingered Stream/ Slender Toad |
Mossy stream toad | Malayan stream/ slender toad, pigmy false toad | Mcgregor’s stream/ river toad |
Tiny stream/ dwarf slender/ minute slender toad | Muller’s stream toad | Penang stream toad |
Luidan stream toad | Siamese stream toad | Precious stream toad |
Kina balu stream/ spiny slender toad | Gracile slender toad | Ansonia thinthinae |
Pulo tioman stream/ slender toad | Gunung mulu stream toad | Widow slender/ murud black toad |
Atelopus or Stubfoot Toads/ Harlequin Toads |
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Andes stubfoot toad | Angelito stubfoot toad | Ardila’s stubfoot toad |
Atelopus arsyecue | Arthur’s Stubfoot Toad | Rio Pescado Stubfoot Toad |
Atelopus barbotini | Azuay stubfoot toad | Boulenger’s stubfoot toad |
Rio Carauta stubfoot toad | Venezuelan Yellow Frog/ La Carbonera Stubfoot Toad | Guajira Stubfoot toad/ Carrikeri Harlequin Frog |
Toad mountain harlequin/ darien stubfoot toad | Chiriqui harlequin frog/ lewis’ stubfoot toad | Chocó stubfoot toad |
Rio Faisanes stubfoot toad | Veragua stubfoot toad/ Rancho Grande harlequin frog | Atelopus dimorphus |
Huila stubfoot toad | ||
Elegant stubfoot toad Subspecies: Elegant Stubfoot Toad | ||
Atelopus epikeisthos | Carabaya stubfoot toad | Malvasa stubfoot toad |
Atelopus eusebiodiazi | Atelopus exiguus | Atelopus famelicus |
Forest stubfoot toad | Cayenne stubfoot toad | Central Coast stubfoot toad |
Antado stubfoot toad | Pirri Range stubfoot toad/ Pirri harlequin frog | Guanujo stubfoot toad |
La Guitarra stubfoot toad | Morona-Santiago stubfoot toad | Quito stubfoot/ Jambato toad |
Atelopus laetissimus | Limosa harlequin frog | El Tambo stubfoot toad |
Longnose stubfoot toad/ longnose sharlequin frog/ scrawny stubfoot-toad | Atelopus lozanoi | Lynch’s stubfoot toad |
Atelopus mandingues | Mindo stubfoot toad | Colombian stubfoot toad |
Mittermeier’s stubfoot toad | Hernandez’s stubfoot toad | Mucubaji stubfoot toad |
La Arboleda stubfoot toad | San Lorenzo harlequin frog | Atelopus nanay |
Gualecenita stubfoot toad | Niceforo’s stubfoot toad | Atelopus onorei |
Atelopus orcesi | Rednose stubfoot toad | Schmidt’s stubfoot toad/ Oyacachi jambato toad |
Andersson’s stubfoot toad | Pataz stubfoot toad | San Isidro stubfoot toad |
Peru stubfoot toad | Peters’ stubfoot/ Peters’ jambato toad | Atelopus petriruizi |
Painted stubfoot toad | Pinango stubfoot toad/ green and red venter harlequin toad | Napo Stubfoot Toad/ Flat-Spined Atelopus/ Planispina’s Harlequin Frog |
Atelopus pulcher | Atelopus pyrodactylus | Atelopus quimbaya |
Atelopus reticulatus | Anori stubfoot toad | Upper Amazon stubfoot toad |
Pass stubfoot toad | Atelopus sernai | Atelopus simulates |
Atelopus siranus | Sonsón stubfoot toad | Cloud forest stubfoot toad/ scarlet harlequin toad |
Pebas stubfoot toad | Condoto stubfoot toad | Bogota stubfoot toad |
Venezuela stubfoot toad | Three-colored stubfoot toad | Veragoa stubfoot toad |
Walker’s stubfoot toad | Panamanian golden frog | |
Blythophryne or Andaman Bush Toads |
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Blythophryne beryet | ||
Bufo |
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Bufo aspinius | Central Formosa toad/ Bankor toad | Common toad/ European toad |
Chusan Island toad/ Asiatic toad | Japanese toad | Bufo kabischi |
Gansu toad/ Minshan toad | Tibetan toad | Honshū toad/ Japanese stream toad |
Qinghai Lake toad/ Round-warted toad | Caucasian toad | Bufo wolongensis |
Ejia toad/ Ailao toad | Arabian toad | Beddome’s toad |
Kempholey toad/ Short-nosed toad/ Rao’s pale brown toad | Earless toad | Oman toad |
Dodson’s toad | Malabar toad/ Gûnther’s toad | Humbali Village toad/ Koyna toad/ Chrome-yellow toad |
Berber toad/ Pantherine toad/ Moroccan toad | Olive toad Baluchistan coastal toad/ Makran toad | Tonkin toad |
Indian toad/ Ridged toad/ Timber forest toad | Shaata Gardens toad/ Penton’s toad | Ferguson’s toad |
Scortecci’s toad | Silent Valley toad/ South Indian hill toad | Stejneger’s toad/ Korean toad/ Water toad |
Assam toad/ Indus Valley toad/ Marbled toad | Stuart’s toad | Sumatra toad |
Balletto’s toad | Pulo Weh toad | Bufo apolobambicus |
Paramo toad | Abra Malaga toad | Eden Harbour toad |
Colorado River toad | Bufo aucoinae | Bocourt’s toad |
Campbell’s forest toad | Dwarf toad | Mountain toad |
Southern round-gland toad | Evergreen toad | Large-crested toad |
Northern round-gland toad | Pico Blanco toad | Jeweled toad |
Holdridge’s toad | Jalapa toad | Gunther’s tropical toad |
Bufo leucomyos | Yellow toad | Large-crested toad |
Marbled toad | Sinaloa toad | Dark green toad |
Gulf Coast toad | Pine toad | Monte Verde golden toad |
Almirante Trail toad | Confusing toad | Bufo pisinnus |
Bufo porteri | Bufo signifer | Bufo spiculatus |
Volcan Tacana coad | Bufo tutelarius | Bufo valliceps |
Schwartz’s Caribbean toad | Cope’s Caribbean toad/ Cuban toad | Dominican Caribbean toad |
Bufo fractus | Bufo fustiger | Gunther’s Caribbean toad |
Gundlach’s Caribbean toad | Lowland Caribbean toad | Stejneger’s Caribbean toad |
Tschudi’s Caribbean toad | Cuban Caribbean toad | Malayan giant toad |
Giant river toad/ Borneo river toad | Beira’s toad | Bufo damaranus |
Dombe toad | Transvaal dwarf toad | Mossamedes toad/ Grandison’s toad |
Okahandja toad/ Hoesch’s toad | Khwai River toad/ Kavanga toad | Lugh toad |
Parker’s toad | African dwarf toad/ pygmy toad | Balearic green toad |
Batura toad | Bufo boulengeri | Tiznit toad |
Ladakh toad/ Lataste’s toad | Bufo luristanicus | Danata toad/ Middle Asiatic toad |
Bufo pewzowi | Swat green toad | Tengger Desert toad/ Radde’s toad |
Sicilian green toad | Pakistan toad/ Iranian toad | Bufo turanensis |
Bufo variabilis | European green toad | Bufo zamdaensis |
Bufo zugmayeri | Andersson’s toad | Colombian giant toad/ Blomberg’s toad |
Bufo caeruleostictus | Cundinamarca toad | Spotted toad/ smooth-sided toad |
Truando toad | Choco toad | Werner’s toad |
Amatola toad | Sand toad/ Common Cape toad | Karroo toad/ Gariep toad |
Inyanga toad | Paradise toad | |
Bufoides |
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Mawblang toad/ rock toad/ Khasi Hills toad | Bufoides kempi | |
Capensibufo or Cape toads Mountain Toddlets |
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Rose’s mountain toad/ Cape mountain toad/ Rose’s mountain toadlet/ striped mountain toad/ Rose’s toad/ Muizenberg Cape toad | Tradouw mountain toad | |
Churamiti |
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Churamiti maridadi | ||
Incilius |
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Sonoran Desert toad/ Colorado River toad | Incilius luetkenii | Incilius aucoinae |
Incilius macrocristatus | Incilius aurarius | Incilius majordomus |
Incilius bocourti | Incilius marmoreus | Incilius campbelli |
Incilius mazatlanensis | Incilius canaliferus | Incilius cavifrons |
Incilius chompipe | Incilius coccifer | Evergreen Toad |
Large-crested toad | Incilius cycladen | Incilius epioticus |
Incilius fastidiosus | Incilius gemmifer | Incilius guanacaste |
Holdridge’s toad | Incilius ibarrai | Incilius karenlipsae |
Incilius leucomyos | Incilius mccoyi | Incilius melanochlorus |
Coastal plains toad or Incilius nebulifer | Incilius occidentalis | Monte Verde toad/ Alajuela toad/ Orange toad |
Almirante Trail toad | Incilius perplexus | Incilius pisinnus |
Incilius porteri | Incilius signifer | Incilius spiculatus |
Incilius tacanensis | Incilius tutelarius | Incilius valliceps |
Dendrophryniscus or Tree Toads |
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Dendrophryniscus berthalutzae | Dendrophryniscus organensis | Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus |
Dendrophryniscus proboscideus | Dendrophryniscus carvalhoi | Dendrophryniscus krausae |
Dendrophryniscus leucomystax | Dendrophryniscus skuki | Dendrophryniscus stawiarskyi |
Dendrophryniscus oreites | ||
Didynamipus |
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Four-digit toad | ||
Duttaphrynus |
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Yala toad | Duttaphrynus crocus | Duttaphrynus himalayanus |
Himalayan toad | Kotagama’s dwarf toad | Asian common toad/ Asian black-spined toad/ Asian toad/ Black -spectacled toad/ Common Sunda toad/ Javanese toad |
Small-eared toad/ Southern hill toad | Noellert’s toad | |
Epidalea |
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Natterjack toad | ||
Frostius |
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Frostius erythrophthalmus | Frostius pernambucensis | |
Ingerophrynus |
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Crested toad/ double crested toad | Sulawesian toad | Benkulen toad |
Malayan dwarf toad | Bony-headed toad | Gollum’s toad |
Ingerophrynus kumquat | Ingerophrynus ledongensis | Big-eared toad |
Lesser Malacca toad | Philippine toad | Greater Malacca toad |
Laurentophryne |
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Parker’s tree toad | ||
Leptophryne |
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Java tree toad/ Bourbon toad | Indonesia tree toad | |
Melanophryniscus or South American Redbelly Toads |
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Melanophryniscus admirabilis | Melanophryniscus alipioi | Melanophryniscus atroluteus |
Melanophryniscus biancae | Melanophryniscus cambaraensis | Melanophryniscus cupreuscapularis |
Melanophryniscus devincenzii | Melanophryniscus dorsalis | Melanophryniscus estebani |
Melanophryniscus fulvoguttatus | Melanophryniscus klappenbachi | Melanophryniscus krauczuki |
Melanophryniscus langonei | Melanophryniscus macrogranulosus | Melanophryniscus milanoi |
Melanophryniscus montevidensis | Maldonada redbelly toad | Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus |
Melanophryniscus paraguayensis | Melanophryniscus peritus | Melanophryniscus rubriventris |
Melanophryniscus sanmartini | Melanophryniscus setiba | Melanophryniscus simplex |
Melanophryniscus spectabilis | Melanophryniscus stelzneri | Melanophryniscus tumifrons |
Melanophryniscus vilavelhensis | Melanophryniscus xanthostomus | |
Mertensophryne or Chirinda Forest/ Snouted Frogs/ Forest Toads |
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Mashonaland toad | Mrora forest toad | Dar es Salaam toad |
Lonberg’s toad | Mahenge toad | Kankunde toad |
Loveridges snouted toad | Mocquards toad | Nairobi toad |
Nyika dwarf toad | Schmidt’s snouted frog | Black-chested dwarf toad |
Usambara forest toad | Uzungwe toad | |
Metaphryniscus |
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Metaphryniscus sosae | ||
Nectophryne |
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African tree toad | Bates’s tree toad | |
Nectophrynoides or African Live-bearing Toads |
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Kihansi spray toad | secret tree toad | frontier forest toad |
smooth forest toad | Nectophrynoides laticeps | minute tree toad |
Nectophrynoides paulae | Poynton’s forest toad | pseudo forest toad |
Tornier’s Tree Toad | Vestergaard’s forest toad | Morogoro tree toad |
Uzungwe Scarp tree toad | ||
Nimbaphrynoides |
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Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis Subspecies: Western Nimba toad/ Mount Nimba viviparous toad, Liberia Nimba toad | ||
Oreophrynella or Bush Toad |
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Oreophrynella cryptica | Oreophrynella dendronastes | Bolivar bush toad |
MacConnell’s bush toad | Pebble toad | Roraima black frog/ Roraima bush toad |
Oreophrynella seegobini | Oreophrynella vasquezi | Oreophrynella weiassipuensis |
Osornophryne or Plump Toads |
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Osornophryne angel | Napo plump toad | Peracca’s plump toad |
Osornophryne cofanorum | Guacamayo plump toad | Osornophryne occidentalis |
Herveo plump toad | Osornophryne puruanta | Osornophryne simpsoni |
Osornophryne sumacoensis | Cannatella’s plump toad | |
Pedostibes or Asian Tree Toads |
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Everett’s Asian tree toad | Boulenger’s Asian tree toad | Kemp’s Asian tree toad |
Spotted Asian tree toad | Inger’s Asian tree toad | Warty Asian tree toad |
Pelophryne or Flathead/ Dwarf Toad |
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White-striped flathead toad | Pelophryne api | Zamboanga flathead toad |
Gunther’s flathead toad | Mindanao flathead toad | Pelophryne linanitensis |
Black flathead toad | Pelophryne murudensis | Pelophryne penrissenensis |
Pelophryne rhopophilius | Pelophryne saravacensis | Saint Andrew’s cross toadlet |
Pseudepidalea |
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Pseudepidalea balearica | Pseudepidalea boulengeri | Brongersma’s toad/ Tiznit toad |
Ladakh toad | Pseudepidalea luristanica | Pseudepidalea oblonga |
Pseudepidalea pewzowi | Pseudepidalea pseudoraddei | Mongolian toad/ piebald toad/ Siberian toad |
Sicilian green toad | Iranian earless toad/ Pakistan Toad/ Iranian Toad | Pseudepidalea turanensis |
Pseudepidalea variabilis | European green toad | Pseudepidalea zamdaensis |
Pseudepidalea zugmayeri | ||
Pseudobufo |
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Pseudobufo subasper | ||
Rhinella |
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Rhinella abei | Cordoba Toad | Rhinella achavali |
Cerro Mali Beaked Toad | Rhinella acutirostris | Rhinella alata |
Rhinella amabilis | Cochabamba Toad | Mendoza Pass Toad |
Common Toad/ Argentine Toad | Rio Chili Toad | Arunco/ concepcion toad |
Vallenar Toad/ Atacama Toad | Rivero’s Toad | Rhinella bergi |
Para Toad | Horned Toad | Rhinella chavin |
Rio Viejo Toad | Rhinella cristinae | Striped Toad |
Bom Jardim Toad | Cope’s Toad | Dorbigny’s Toad |
Bella Vista Toad | Valle santiago beaked toad | Carabaya toad |
Gallardo’s Toad | Rio Grande Toad | Common Lesser Toad |
Rhinella henseli | Rhinella hoogmoedi | Yellow Cururu Toad |
Inca Toad | Rio Perene Toad | Cururu Toad |
El Chape Toad | Rhinella lescurei | Peru Coast Toad |
Murri Beaked Toad | Rhinella loba | Santa Rita Beaked Toad |
Rhinella manu | South American Common Toad | Cane Toad |
Rhinella martyi | Rhinella multiverrucosa | Laguna Toad |
Colombian Beaked Toad | Ocellated Toad | Rhinella ornata |
Gray Toad | Rhinella pombali | Beaked Toad |
Rio Parahyba Toad | Incachaca Toad | Rhinella roqueana |
Mesopotamia Beaked Toad | Rhinella rubescens | Rusty Toad |
Rhinella ruizi | Salta Toad | Cururu Toad/ Schneider’s Toad/ Cururu Toad |
Rhinella scitula | Rhinella sclerocephala | Rhinella skuki |
Warty Toad/ Huanuco Toad | Rhinella stanlaii | Falcon Toad |
Rhinella tacana | Antioquia Beaked Toad | Trueb’s Beaked Toad |
Alto Maranon Toad | Veragua Toad | Rhinella veredas |
Rhinella yunga | ||
Sabahphrynus |
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Sabah earless toad/ Spotted Asian tree toad | ||
Schismaderma |
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African split-skin toad/ African red toad | ||
Truebella |
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Truebella skoptes | Truebella tothastes | |
Werneria or Smalltongue Toads |
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Bamboutos smalltongue toad | Werneria iboundji | Mertens’ smalltongue toad |
Buea smalltongue toad | Werneria submontana | Tandy’s smalltongue toad |
Wolterstorffina or Wolterstorff Toads |
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Wolterstorffina chirioi | Mount Oku Wolterstorff toad | Cameroon Wolterstorff toad |
Xanthophryne |
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Xanthophryne koynayensis | Amboli toad |
Habitat: What Kinds of Place They Live in
Moist grassland and fields are common places for toads while tadpole or baby toads spend their initial phase in the water.
Diet: What do Toads Eat
Baby toads or tadpoles eat pinhead crickets, waxworms, grubs, mealworms while adult toads eat all these along with larvae, spiders, slugs, snails, lizards, and mice in the wild.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Toads are oviparous meaning they are egg-laying. The eggs are all fertilized and laid in the water from where tadpoles hatch. Although in some species the egg are hatched inside the toads body and live young tadpoles are born directly through their mother.
Threats and Predators
Snakes, raccoons, herons, and hawks prey on toads while diving bugs and beetles are major threats and to tadpoles.
Lifespan: How Long Do they Live
Average lifespan of toads are 10-15 years, depending on the species.
Interesting Facts
- Toads swallow their food instead of chewing because they don’t have teeth.
- They make themselves bigger by puffing their body in order to avoid getting caught by predators.
- The word ‘Knot’ is used to describe a group of toads.